Global Innovation Index 2023 reveals the top 50 Science and Technology Hubs. The United States leads global research and development spending, followed by China, Japan, Germany, and South Korea.
Another wave of science and technology (S&T) innovation swept the globe in 2023, with the launch of the first OTC birth control pill in the United States and the astounding rise of ChatGPT and artificial intelligence.
In a recent report on FOBO, the World Economic Forum recently admitted that 44% of human skills will be replaced by AI in five years.
Based on information from the Global Innovation Index 2023, Niccolo Conte of Visual Capitalist created this map that examines the top 50 science and technology hotspots in the globe driving these inventions. The combined share of international patent applications and scientific publications was used to rank the hubs.
East Asia Dominance in S&T
East Asia is home to the five most important science and technology hubs in the world.
Between 2018 and 2022, slightly more than 10% of all patent applications came from the top-ranked Tokyo-Yokohama cluster.
| Cluster | Country/Economy | Patent Applications | Scientific Publications |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tokyo-Yokohama | 🇯🇵 Japan | 127,418 | 115,020 |
| Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Guangzhou | 🇨🇳/🇭🇰 China/Hong Kong | 113,482 | 153,180 |
| Seoul | 🇰🇷 South Korea | 63,447 | 133,604 |
| Beijing | 🇨🇳 China | 38,067 | 279,485 |
| Shanghai-Suzhou | 🇨🇳 China | 32,924 | 162,635 |
| San Jose-San Francisco | 🇺🇸 U.S. | 47,269 | 58,575 |
| Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto | 🇯🇵 Japan | 38,413 | 51,948 |
| Boston-Cambridge | 🇺🇸 U.S. | 18,184 | 76,378 |
| San Diego | 🇺🇸 U.S. | 23,261 | 20,928 |
| New York City | 🇺🇸 U.S. | 13,838 | 74,849 |
| Nanjing | 🇨🇳 China | 7,143 | 113,488 |
| Paris | 🇫🇷 France | 15,176 | 61,692 |
| Wuhan | 🇨🇳 China | 6,250 | 89,756 |
| Hangzhou | 🇨🇳 China | 10,755 | 62,924 |
| Nagoya | 🇯🇵 Japan | 17,736 | 16,091 |
| Los Angeles, | 🇺🇸 U.S. | 11,556 | 44,058 |
| Washington, DC–Baltimore | 🇺🇸 U.S. | 5,525 | 76,039 |
| Daejeon | 🇰🇷 South Korea | 12,275 | 25,552 |
| Xi’an | 🇨🇳 China | 1,786 | 86,937 |
| London | 🇬🇧 Great Britain | 5,981 | 59,068 |
| Seattle | 🇺🇸 U.S. | 11,472 | 20,322 |
| Munich | 🇩🇪 Germany | 10,248 | 24,239 |
| Qingdao | 🇨🇳 China | 7,286 | 39,745 |
| Chengdu | 🇨🇳 China | 2,046 | 67,334 |
| Cologne | 🇩🇪 Germany | 7,466 | 34,286 |
| Amsterdam–Rotterdam | 🇳🇱 Netherlands | 4,230 | 52,864 |
| Taipei–Hsinchu | 🇹🇼 Taiwan | 3,907 | 52,752 |
| Houston | 🇺🇸 U.S. | 8,475 | 24,636 |
| Stuttgart | 🇩🇪 Germany | 9,342 | 14,874 |
| Tel Aviv–Jerusalem | 🇮🇱 Israel | 7,268 | 24,219 |
| Moscow | 🇷🇺 Russia | 2,036 | 55,086 |
| Chicago | 🇺🇸 U.S. | 5,763 | 32,343 |
| Singapore | 🇸🇬/🇲🇾 Singapore/Malaysia | 4,861 | 36,803 |
| Tehran | 🇮🇷 Iran | 249 | 63,113 |
| Philadelphia | 🇺🇸 U.S. | 5,390 | 32,309 |
| Tianjin | 🇨🇳 China | 1,267 | 53,680 |
| Changsha | 🇨🇳 China | 1,149 | 52,768 |
| Stockholm | 🇸🇪 Sweden | 6,069 | 19,984 |
| Minneapolis | 🇺🇸 U.S. | 6,625 | 15,375 |
| Hefei | 🇨🇳 China | 2,549 | 38,974 |
| Eindhoven | 🇳🇱 Netherlands | 7,982 | 5,339 |
| Melbourne | 🇦🇺 Australia | 2,126 | 40,056 |
| Berlin | 🇩🇪 Germany | 3,624 | 30,464 |
| Chongqing | 🇨🇳 China | 1,651 | 41,412 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 🇩🇪 Germany | 5,410 | 18,590 |
| Sydney | 🇦🇺 Australia | 2,539 | 33,695 |
| Raleigh | 🇺🇸 U.S. | 3,057 | 30,206 |
| Madrid | 🇪🇸 Spain | 1,580 | 38,849 |
| Zürich | 🇨🇭 Switzerland | 3,759 | 24,437 |
| Milan | 🇮🇹 Italy | 2,578 | 31,077 |
The San Francisco Bay Area, the first American cluster on the list, is the location of significant tech firms like Adobe, eBay, Google, and PayPal.
The San Francisco Bay Area is one of the most S&T-intensive clusters in terms of total population density, along with Cambridge in the United Kingdom.
With 24 clusters overall, China led the list of nations with the most clusters among the top 100 for the first time. Next, with 21 clusters, is the United States, followed by Germany with nine.
Furthermore, almost all Chinese clusters improved from the previous year’s ranks; Beijing was the only one to drop.
The only middle-income economic clusters outside of China are São Paulo, Brazil; Bengaluru, Delhi, Chennai, and Mumbai, India; Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran; Istanbul and Ankara, Turkey; and Moscow, Russian Federation.
The United States leads the world in research and development (R&D) spending, followed by China, Japan, Germany, and the Republic of Korea, according to the Global Innovation Index.
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